BIO-HPC

Plant

Medicinal use

Inhibition towards HNE

Ref.

Camelia Sitensis (Green tea)

Antoxidant, antifungal, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic agent, treatment against cardiovascular diseases, and many types of cancer (colon, lung, mouth, esophagus, stomach, kidney, small intestine, pancreas, mammary glands, excellent food intake agent

ECGC ( IC₅₀=250 μΜ)

¹

Boswellia spp.

Anti-inflammatory properties

Potent inhibition

¹

Tagetes erecta L. (Marigold ) (Compositae)

Skin disorders(sores, wounds, burns, ulcers, eczema etc), kidney problems, muscular pain boils, carbuncles, earache

Methanolic extract:IC₅₀=4.13±0.93 mg/ml

Butanoic extract:IC₅₀=4.01±1.37 mg/ml

Syringic acid (IC₅₀=34.29±

Amyrin (IC₅₀=33.98±1.82 mg.mL

²

Ilex paraquariensis St. Hil (Used in Yerba Mate tea) (Aquifoliaceae)

Antioxidant, cellular protective, anti-obesity, thermogenic, circulatory system, hypocholesterolemic and bile stimulant regulator, use as tonic and stimulant beverage agent

Ethanolic extract (IC₅₀=0.5 μg/ml)

Methanolic extract (IC₅₀= 1.38 μg/ml)

Dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives:

3,5 dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (IC₅₀= 1.4 μΜ)

3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (IC₅₀=4.2 μΜ)

3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (IC₅₀= 2.4 μΜ)

4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (IC₅₀=1.7 μΜ)

3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (IC₅₀=7.3 μΜ)

1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (IC₅₀=151 μΜ)

Monocaffeoylquinic acid derivatives:

Neochlorogenic acid methyl ester, cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester, chlorogenic acid methyl ester: weak HNE inhibition

Quercetin (IC₅₀=1.5 μΜ)

Rutin (IC₅₀= 6.9 μΜ)

Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside: no inhibition

³

Cucumis sativus L. (Cucumber) (Cucurbitaceae)

Skin irritations ans disorders (swelling under the eyes, sunburn), healing agent against cooling, healing, soothing, emollient, lenitive and anti itching effects, hyperpigmentation

Juice of C. sativus inhibits 50% of HNE activity at a concentarion of 6.14 μg/ml

⁴

Cimicifuga Racemosa (Black Cohosh) (Ranunculaceae)

Analgesic, sedative and anti-inflammatory agent

Caffeic acid: (IC₅₀=93 μΜ)

Fukinolic acid (IC₅₀=0.23 μΜ)

cimicifugic acid A (IC₅₀= 2.2 μΜ)

cimicifugic acid B (IC₅₀=11.4 μΜ)

cimicifugic acid E (20% HNE inhibition at 50 μΜ)

cimicifugic acid F (IC₅₀= 18 μΜ)

isoferulic acid (IC₅₀> 50 μΜ)

Ferulic acid (IC₅₀>> 500 μΜ)

Elastinal (IC₅₀= 1150 μΜ)

⁵

Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae)

Diuretic, hypotensive, emollient agent, used for urinary and bladder infections and skin disorders

( E) -2- octenal (potent HNE inhibition)

(E ) -2-nonenal (potent HNE inhibition)

⁶

Diospyros kaki folium (Persimmon leaf)

Agent against skin disorders, anti-wrinkle agent

Ethanolic fraction II (flavonoid content) (78.1% HNE inhibition at 500 μΜ)

Ethanolic fraction III (polyphenolic content) (28.8% HNE inhibition at 500 μΜ)

⁷

Ginseng

Antioxidant properties

Extracts inhibit 90% of HNE activity at 0.14 mg/ml

⁸

Actinodaphne lancifolia

Treatments against urinary disorders and diabetes, antioxidant, cytotoxic antidiarrheal, thrombolytic properties

IC₅₀= 103.10 μg/ml)

⁹

Aesculus turbinata

Anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, capillaro-protective properties, cosmetics and food agent

IC₅₀= 43.10 μg/ml

⁹

Cleyera japonica

Antioxidant, free radical scavenging properties

IC₅₀=205.90 μg/ml

⁹

Cornus controversa

Free radical scavenger, anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase properties

IC₅₀= 163 μg/ml

⁹

Cornus walteri

Skin anti-inflammatory agent, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity properties

IC₅₀= 26.1 μg/ml

⁹

Cryptomeria japonica

Protection of human keratinocytes

(IC₅₀=108.2 μg/ml)

⁹

Euscaphis japonica

Antioxidant, antitumor agent

IC₅₀=455.90 μg/ml

⁹

Machilus japonica (Kusanoi)

Antimicrobial, anti-α-glucosidase, anti-inflammatory properties

IC₅₀=108.2 μg/ml

⁹

Melia azedarach

Antidiarrheal, ant-malaria, antidiabetic, antidiabetic properties, treatments against rheumatism, asthma, leprosy, eczema, piles, ulcers, toothaches, fevers, snake bites, treatment against skin disorders

(IC₅₀=293.20 μg/ml

⁹

Oenothera erythrosepala

Atioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-neuropathic, anti-fungal, anti-diarrheic, cariostatic, antiviral, anti-ulcerogenic, antihelmintic properties, anti-cancer. Anti-tumor agent, treatment against kidney disordes, hepatic disorders, cardiac disorders nematicidal activity, immune response activity, hypocholesterolemic activity, vasorelaxation activity

IC₅₀=87.80 μg/ml

⁹

Rhus javanica

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective properties, treatment against dysentery and coughs

IC₅₀=70.5 μg/ml

⁹

Rosa multiflora

Antioxidant, antibacterial properties, skin care cosmetics agent

IC₅₀= 371.90 μg/ml

⁹

Sophora flavescens

Analgesic, antipyretic, anthemintic and stomachic properties

IC₅₀=219.5 μg/ml

⁹

Taxillus yadoriki

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, skin-whitening agent, anti-elastase and anti-tyrosinase activity, skin care cosmetics agent

IC₅₀=36.4 μg/ml

⁹

Viburnum odoratissimum

Antioxidant, antiwrinkle properties, skin care cosmetics agent

IC₅₀=80.80 μg/ml

⁹

Areca catechu

Anti-inflammatory, anti-aging properties

IC₅₀=28.10 μg/ml

⁹

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Gptu Kola) (Apiaceae)

Various health disorders, anti-aging agent in cosmetics

Methanolic extract (IC₅₀=14.54±0.39 μg/ml)

n-butanolic extract (IC₅₀=29.15±0.31 μg/ml)

Asiaticoside (IC₅₀=19.45±0.25 μg/ml)

^1,10

Clitoria ternates L. (Butterfly pea ) (Fabaceae)

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders (depression, anxiety, stress etc), skin disorders, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, local anesthetic and antidiabetic agent

Methanolic extract (IC₅₀= 9.61±0.36 μg/ml)

¹¹

Grape pomace

Skin anti-aging agent

Polyphenolic extracts (73% HNE inhibition at 35.3 μg/ml, 63% HNE inhibition at 23.5 μg/ml, 49% HNE inhibition at 14.1 μg/ml, 36% HNE inhibiton at 8.8 μg/mland 20% HNE inhibition at 7.1 μg/ml.

Fraction abundant in gallic acid (IC₅₀= 47%)

Fraction abundant in catechins (IC₅₀= 17%)

Fraction abundant in procyanidins (IC₅₀= 19%)

Fraction abundant in flavonol-glucosides (IC₅₀=2%)

Catechin (IC₅₀=12.0% at 1mmol/l)

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (IC₅₀=7.3% at 1 mmol/l)

Procyanidin B2 (6.4% at 1mmol/l)

¹²

Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil's claw)

Skin disorders

6΄-O-acetylacteoside (IC₅₀= 70 μΜ)

Isoacteoside (IC₅₀= 286 μΜ)

8-PCHG (IC₅₀= 331 μΜ)

Pagoside (IC₅₀= 260 μΜ)

Harpagoside (IC₅₀~>800 μΜ)

Acteoside (IC₅₀~>800 μΜ)

Cinnamic acid (IC₅₀~>800 μΜ)

¹³

Vitis vinifera (Grape vine)

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, free radical scavenger, treatment against cardiovascular diseases

Seeds extract (IC₅₀= 5.4 μΜ)

¹²

Polypodium species

Treatment against peptic ulcer, kidney disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, skin disorders (dermatitis, vitiligo)

Selligueain (IC₅₀=40 μΜ in leukocytes)

¹⁴

Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae)

Anti-inflammatory properties, treatment against haemorrhoidal disease, dysentert, chronic intestinal catarrh, eczema, periodontidis, varicose veins, gingivitis, skin care agent

IC₅₀=37.80±5.9% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Geum urbanum L. (Rosaceae)

Treatment against periodontitis stomach disorders, anti-bleeding, anti-inflammatory properties for gums and mucous membranes,

IC₅₀=30.4±4.8% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial agent, treatments against common cold, fever and flu-like infections

IC₅₀=36.10±0.4% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Rubus fruticosus L. (Rosaceae)

Antibacterial, antinociceptive, antiproliferative, analgesic properties

IC₅₀=30.70±5.6% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Potentilla erecta L Raeusch.(Rosaceae)

Antidiarrheal, anti-ulcerogenic, hemostatic, antihemorrhoidal, wound- healing, skin photoprotecting, free radican scavenging agents

IC₅₀=37.40±3.9% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Filipendula ulmaria L. (Rosaceae)

Dugestive agent, treatment against hetburn, hyperactivity, diarrhoea, gastritis, peptic ulceration, rheumatism, elimination of excess acidity and nauesa

IC₅₀=57.4±5.3% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Maxim Potentilla anserina L. (Rosaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antivirues, antidiarrhetic and antidiabetic properties

IC₅₀=7.50±1.0% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae)

Antiadhesive, antibacterial, antioxidant, astringent, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective properties, treatment against bed wetting, hemorrhagic colitis, liver and urinary disease, cancer, acute diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, inflammation of oral and pharyngeal mucosa, hepatitis B virus

IC₅₀=55.2±4.1% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Geranium pretense L. (Geraniaceae)

Antidiarrheic, diuretic, tonic, hemostatic, stomachic and antidiabetic agent

IC₅₀=16.10±3.6% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Geranium robertianum L (Geraniaceae)

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiulcer, neuroprotective, cytotoxic against tumor cells properties, pro-inflammatory agent, food additive

IC₅₀=34.70±4.5% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, anti-elastase, venotonic, lymphagogue, anti-oedematous properties

IC₅₀=62.0±6.9% at 10 μg/ml

¹⁵

Campylotropis hirtella L. (Leguminosae)

Dysmenorrhea, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, gastric ucers, prostate hyperplasia. Food agent

Ethyl acetate extract (80% HNE inhibition at 100 μg/ml)

(2R, 3R)-6-methyl-30-geranyl-2,3-trans-5,7,40-trihydroxy-flavonol (IC⁵⁰=17.9±1.5 μΜ, noncompetitive inhibition)

(E)-3-(3-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chroman-4-one (IC⁵⁰=8.4±0.8 μΜ, competitive inhibition)

3΄-geranyl-5, 7, 2΄, 4΄-tetrahydroxyisoflavanone (IC⁵⁰=30.8±1.3 μΜ, mixed inhibition).

^16,16-20

Phillanthus Emblica L. (Amla)

Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-wrinkle, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties, cosmetic agent

IC⁵⁰=387.85±8.78 μg/ml

²¹

Manilkara zapota L. (Sapota)

Antixidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase properties

Methanolic extract (IC⁵⁰=35.73±0.61 μg/ml)

^21,22

Silibum Marianum

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin photoprotective properties, treatments against skin aking and melanoma development

IC₅₀=38.57±0.04 μg/ml μg/ml

^21,22

Dodonea viscosa L. (Jack) (Sapindaceae)

Skin, disorders, diabetes, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammattory agent

Aerial parts methanolic extract (75% HNE inhibition at 100 μg/ml)

Visconata (IC₅₀=2.4±0.2 μΜ, noncompetitive inhibition), penduletin (IC₅₀=65.4±0.1 μΜ, mixed inhibition),

5,6-dihydroxy-3,4΄,7-trimethoxyflavone (IC50=25.4±0.4 μΜ, mixed inhibition),

viscosine (IC₅₀=150.2±1.2 μΜ, non responding inhibition), isokaemferide (IC₅₀=93.9±0.6 μΜ, mixed inhibition), viscosol (IC₅₀=10.9±0.3 μΜ, mixed inhibition), 5,7-dihydroxy-3΄-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl)-3,6,4΄-trimethoxy-flavone (IC₅₀=114.7±0.2 μΜ, not reported inhibition, 5,7-dihydroxy-3΄-(3-hydroxy-methylbutyl)-3,6,40-trimethoxyflavone (IC₅₀=33.4±0.5 μΜ, mixed inhibition), and 5,7,4΄-trihydroxy-3΄-(3-hydroxymethylbutyl)-3,6-dimethoxyflavone (IC₅₀=74.7 ±0.3 μΜ, mixed inhibition)

^23,24

Grindelia robusta Nutt. (Asteraceae)

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and expectorant agent, catarrhs of the respiratory tract

Quercetin-3-methylether (IC₅₀=19 μΜ)

Quercetin-3, 3΄-dimethylether (IC₅₀=129 μΜ)

Quercetagetin-3,6-dimethylether (IC₅₀=115 μΜ)

^25,26

Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae)

Gastric ukcer, oral infection, liver disease, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral agent

Aeg/ml)rial part methanolic extract (88% HNE inhibition at 100

Alkaloids: Isoquinoline spallidamine (IC₅₀ = 11.6 μΜ) dihydrosanguinarine (IC₅₀ =>200 μΜ), (s)-stylopine (IC₅₀=51.0±0.4 μΜ, reversible mixed type I), amottianamide (IC₅₀=>200), (+)-chelidonine (IC₅₀>200 μΜ), spallidamine (IC₅₀= 11.6±1.1 μΜ, reversible mixed type I) N-trans-feruloyltyramine (IC₅₀=20.7±0.9 μΜ, reversible mixed type I)

^27,27

Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Berberidaceae)

Ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀= 35 μg/ml)

Prenylated flavonoids:

epimedokoreanin B (IC₅₀=6.06 μΜ, reversible mixed type I)

5, 7, 4′-trihydroxy-8, 3′-prenylflavone (IC₅₀ = of 6.28 μΜ, reversible mixed type I)

^28-30

Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaceae)

Rheumatism, diarrhea, chronic trachetis

Methanolic extract (IC₅₀=5.68 mg/ml)

Flavonoids:

Cupressuflavone (IC₅₀ = 8.09±0.92 μΜ), amentoflavone (IC₅₀=1.27±0.16 μΜ), robustflavone (IC₅₀= 1.33±0.21 μΜ respectively)

³¹

Herniaria glabra L. (Caryophyllaceae)

Diuretic disorders, cystitis, irritable bladder, urinary tract infections, urolithiasis

Plant Extract (7.35±1.59% HNE inhibition)

Saponin fraction (2.39±1.03% HNE inhibition)

Herniariasaponin 14 (HS4) (1.84±0.53% HNE inhibition)

⁸

Rhizophora mucrinata Lam. (Mangrove plant) (Rhizophoraceae)

Antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatoryantimicrobial and anti-viralagent, anguna, dysentery, haematuria, ulcers, haemorrhage, diarrhea, nausea, fever, hypertension, constipation, menstruation disorders, leprosy, food agent

Methanolic leaf extract (4.58±0.04 mg CAE/g (catechin equivalent) , methanolic root extract (4.50±0.16 mg CAE/g (catechin equivalent), methanolic twig extract (4.68±0.08 mg CAE/g (catechin equivalent), ethyl acetate fruit extract (4.25±0.25 mg CAE/g (catechin equivalent)

³²

Campylotropis hirtella (Leguminosae)

Amenorrhea, mestrorhagia, metrostaxis, gastric ulcers, benign prostate hyperplasia, food agent

Ethyl acetate extract (80% HNE inhibition at 100 μg/ml)

Isolated flavonoids:

(2R, 3R)-6-methyl-3΄-geranyl-2,3-trans-5,7,4΄-trihydroxy-flavonol (IC₅₀ =17.9±1.5 μΜ,

(E )-3-(3-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chroman-4-one (IC₅₀= 8.4±0.8 μΜ)

3΄-geranyl-5,7,2΄,4΄-tetrahydroxyisoflavanone (IC50=30.8±1.3 μΜ) 3(S)-2΄,4΄-dihydroxy-5,5΄dimethoxy-(6΄΄,6΄΄-dimethylpyanoi)-(2΄΄,3΄΄:7,6)-isoflavanon (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

3΄-geranyl-5,7,2΄,5΄-tetrahydroxyisoflavone (IC₅₀ > 200 μΜ)

¹⁶

Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat leaves)

Antioxidant, anti-onflammatory agent, treatment of chronic bronchitis and coughs

Terpenoid extract (IC₅₀=3.26±0.56 μg/ml)

Isolated Triterpenoids:

Ursolic acid (IC₅₀=8.49±0.42 μg/ml)

^33,34

Flemingia Philippinensis (Legumes)

Rheumatism, improvement of bones density, food agent

Methanolic extract (IC₅₀= 87 μg/ml)

Isolated prenylated isoflavones:

genistein IC₅₀=51.4±0.5 μΜ, noncompetitive inhibition),

auriculasin (IC₅₀=3.1±0.2 μΜ, competitive inhibition), 6,8-diprenylorobol (IC₅₀=1.3±0.3 μΜ, competitive inhibition), 5,7,3΄,4΄-tetrahydroxy-2΄,5΄-di(3-methylbut-2-enyl) isoflavone (IC₅₀=213.1±1.9 μΜ, competitive inhibition), flemiphilippinin A (IC₅₀=8.3±0.4 μΜ, competitive inhibition), 5,7,3΄-trihydroxy-2΄-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-4΄,5΄-(3,3-dimethylpyrano)isoflavone (IC₅₀=22.4±0.7 μΜ, noncompetitive inhibition), 8-γ,γ-dimethylallylwighteone (IC₅₀=6.0±0.3 μM, competitive inhibition), osajin (IC₅₀=26.0±0.6 μΜ, competitive inhibition), flemingsin (IC₅₀=12.0±0.4 μΜ, competitive inhibition), Isolated flavanones: flemichin D (IC₅₀=5.3±0.5 μΜ, mixed type I inhibition), lupinifolin (IC₅₀=13.3±0.1 μM, mixed type I inhibition), khonklonginol H (IC₅₀=110.2±0.8 μΜ, mixed type I inhibition), Isolated chalcones: fleminchalcone C (IC₅₀=62.1±0.5 μΜ, mixed type I inhibition), fleminchalcone A (IC₅₀=76.6±0.9 μΜ, mixed type I inhibition), fleminchalcone B (IC₅₀=53.2±0.2 μΜ, mixed type I inhibition) and a flavanol: 6,8-diprenyl-kaempferol (IC₅₀=29.3±0.3 μΜ, mixed type I inhibition).

^35-37

Inhibitor

Chemical Family

Plant Source

IC₅₀

Ref.

Luteolin

Flavonoids

12 μΜ

¹⁴

Chrysin

Flavonoids

6.7 μΜ

¹⁴

Naringenin

Flavonoids

Weak inhibition

^14,38

Eriocitrin

Flavonoids

Weak inhibition

¹⁴

Gallic Acid Derivatives

Phenolic acids

High inhibition

³⁹

Bornylcinnamic acid ester derivatives

Cinammic acid derivatives

1.6-6.9 μΜ

^14,40

Cinammic esters

Potent Inhibitor

Caffeic acid

Cinammic acid derivatives

93 μΜ

^5,13,38

Dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives

Caffeic acid derivatives

Asteraceae Phangnalom rupestre

4.8-10 μΜ

^3,41-43

3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid

50% at concentration of 0.2 μΜ

⁴⁴

Bornyl caffeate

Bicyclic caffeic acid derivative

1.6 μΜ

⁴⁰

N-octylcaffeic acid

1 μΜ

¹⁴

Resveratrol (3,5,4΄-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene)

Stilbenes

31 μΜ and 12 μΜ

^12,45

(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate

Catechins

Green tea

0.4μΜ and 25.3 μΜ

⁴⁶

{3-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-ethyl]-4-oxo-1-[3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) benzoyl]-azetidin-2-ylidene}-acetic acid ethyl ester

Monocyclic β-lactam derivatives

Weak inhibition

¹⁴

Genistein

Isoflavone

HNE release (99 μΜ when stimulated by Fmlp and 0.5 μΜ when stimulated by PAF

⁴⁵

Diosmetin

O-methylated flavone

83 μΜ

¹⁴

Quercetin

Flavonoid

2.4 μΜ

¹⁴

Quercetin glycosides

Flavonoid glycosides

0.3-11.1 μΜ

¹⁴

Phloretin

Chalcone

>36.5 μΜ

^14,47

Viscolin

Chalcone

9.48 μΜ

^14,28

Agrimoniin

Elagittanins

0.9 μΜ

⁴⁵

Pedunculagin

Elagittanins

2.8 μΜ

⁴⁵

Ellagic acid

Phenolic dilactone

Tea, Red grapes, strawberries, blackberries

Potent inhibition (1.44 μg/ml)

88.6% inhibition at a concentration of 4.57 μg/ml

^39,48

p-cymene

Monoterpene

Nigella Sativa seeds

25 μΜ

⁴⁹

Thymoquinone

Monoterpene

Nigella Sativa Seeds

30 μΜ

⁴⁹

Carvone

Monoterpene

Nigella Sativa Seeds

14 μΜ

⁴⁹

Thymol

Monoterpene

Nigella Sativa Seeds

104 μΜ

⁴⁹

18.88±5.21% at 10 μg/ml and 33.25±3.73% at 20 μg/ml

⁴⁹

Carvacrol

Monoterpene

Nigella Sativa Seeds

12 μΜ

⁴⁹

Ursolic acid

Pentacyclic triterpenes

88.47±2.96% at 1000 μΜ

4.4 μΜ

^10,33,50,51

Oleanolic acid

Pentacyclic triterpenes

88.14±3.72% at 1000 μΜ

6.4 μΜ

^2,10,11,50

Glycyrrhetinic acid

Pentacyclic triterpenes

75.20±2.89% at 1000 μΜ

⁵¹

Glycyrrhizin

Pentacyclic triterpenes

78.66±1.99% at 1000 μΜ

⁵¹

Betulinic acid

Pentacyclic triterpenes

82.41±1.37% at 1000 μΜ

⁵¹

Lupeol

Pentacyclic triterpenes

93.56±1.19% at 1000 μΜ

1.9 μΜ

⁵¹

Canopkyllol

Pentacyclic triterpenes

2.5 μΜ

⁵¹

Germacranolides

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

4β,15-Epoxy-miller-9Z-enolide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

15-(3΄-Hydroxy)-methacryloyloxy-micrantholide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

15-(2΄,3΄-Epoxy)-isobutyryloxy-micrantholide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

15-(2΄-Hydroxy)-isobutyryloxy-micrantholide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

eupatoripikrin

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

molepantin

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

4β, 15-Epoxy-miller-9E-enolide

Sesquiterpene lactones

⁵²

parthenolide

Sesquiterpene lactones

25% at 20μΜ

^45,52

scandenolide

Sesquiterpene lactones

⁵²

3-acetoxy-costunolide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

7-hydroxy-costunolide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

Guaianolides

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

2-oxo-Guai-1(5)-en-12,8α-olide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

thieleanin

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

eminensin

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

Podachaenin

Sesquiterpene lactones

7 μΜ

⁵²

Pseudoguaianolides

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

11α,13-Dihydrohelenalin-methacrylate

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

11α,13-Dihydrohelenalin-acetate

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

Eudesmanolide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

1β-Acetoxy-4α-hydroxy-15-isobutyryloxy-eudesma-11(13)-en-12,8β-olide

Sesquiterpene lactones

7->200 μΜ

⁵²

11α, 13- Dihydrohelenalin acetate

Sesquiterpene lactones

-2-2%

⁵²

Eudesmanolides

Sesquiterpene lactones

-2-2%

⁵²

alantolactone/isoalantolactone 3:1

Sesquiterpene lactones

-2-2%

⁵²

Bolinaquinone

Sesquiterpene

Dysidea spec.

5.3 μΜ

⁵²

Aminoquinone dysidine

Sesquiterpenes

Dysidea spec.

1.3 μΜ

⁵²

Dysidone A:Dysidone B (1:1)

Sesquiterpenes

Dysidea spec.

10 μΜ

⁵²

Dehydrocostic acid

Sesquiterpenic acid

Inula Viscosa

Potent inhibition

⁵²

Erucic acid (22:1, cis-13)

Fatty acids

0.45 μΜ

³⁸

Oleic acid (18:1, cis-9)

Fatty acids

5 μΜ

³⁸

Stearic acid (18:00)

Fatty acids

10 μΜ

³⁸

Palmitic acid (16:00)

Fatty acids

15 μΜ

³⁸

Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5)

Fatty acids

No inhibition

³⁸

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)

Fatty acids

No inhibition

³⁸

Myristic acid (14:00)

Fatty acids

35 μΜ

³⁸

Pentadecanoic acid (15:00)

Fatty acids

25 μΜ

³⁸

Heptadecanoic acid (17:00)

Fatty acids

>50 μΜ

³⁸

Nonadecanoic acid (19:00)

Fatty acids

>50 μΜ

³⁸

Arachidic acid (16:01, cis-9)

Fatty acids

20 μΜ

³⁸

Behenic acid (22:00)

Fatty acids

30 μΜ

³⁸

Palmitoleic acid (16:1, cis-9)

Fatty acids

20 μΜ

³⁸

Linoleic acid (18:2, cis-9,12)

Fatty acids

10 μΜ

³⁸

Linolenic acid (18:3, cis-9,12,15)

Fatty acids

15 μΜ

³⁸

γ-linolenic acid (18:03. cis-6,9,12)

Fatty acids

15 μΜ

³⁸

Myrtucommulone

Acylphloroglucinols

Myrtus Communis leaves extracts

(0.4-3.8 μM)

¹⁴

Semimyrtucommulone

Acylphloroglucinols

Myrtus Communis leaves extracts

(0.4-3.8 μM)

¹⁴

Hyperforin

Acylphloroglucinols

Hypericum Perforatum extracts

(0.4-3.8 μM)

¹⁴

Plant

Medicinal use

Inhibition towards Hyal

Ref.

Chamaerhodos erecta

Treatments againsts hepatic disorders, rheumatism, scurvy, high temperature, meal poisong, scorbutus, arthritis, tachycardia, face and foot swelling and hemorrhage

Aerial part butanolic extract potent Hyal inhibition

(2R,3S)-3,4-dihydro-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol (IC₅₀= 0.842 mM), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-b-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀=0.595 mM), eugeniin (IC₅₀=0.509 mM),

1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-b-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀=0.792 mM),

potentillin (IC₅₀=0.890 mM), agrimoniin (IC₅₀=0.578 mM)

rosmarinic acid (IC₅₀=1.363 mM)

⁵³

Chamaerhodos Altaica

Antiinflammatory properties, skin care cosmetics agetn

Aerial part aqueous extract potent Hyal inhibition

⁵³

Dracocephalum foetidum

Antimicrobial properties, ant-hyalurondase agent

Isolated compounds:

(R)-a-[[(2E)-3-[4-[[(1Z)-1-carboxy- 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]oxy] -3-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl]oxy]-3,4-dihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid (IC₅₀=0.22± 0.01 mM), rosmarinic acid (IC₅₀=0.75±0.04 mM), acacetin-7-O-(3,6-O-dimalonyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀= 0.25±0.01 mM), acacetin-7-O-(3-O-malonyl)-b-D-glucuronopyranoside (IC₅₀=0.19±0.02 mM), acacetin-7-O-b-D-glucuronide (IC₅₀=0.55±0.14 mM), apigenin 7-O-(6-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) (IC₅₀=0.99±0.12 mM), apigenin 7-O-b-glucuronide (IC₅₀= 0.56± 0.07 mM) and luteolin-7-O-b-D-glucuronide (IC₅₀= 0.79±0.04 mM).

⁵⁴

Gaultheria procumbens L. (Eastern teaberry)

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties, treatment against acute and chronic prostatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic tracheitis, swelling pain

Ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀= 21.83±0.82% at 100 μg/ml)

^55-57

Oenothera biennis L.

Anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifulgal properties, Treatment against hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, atopic dermatitis, endothelial dysfunction, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease

Aerial part methanolic extract (potent Hyal inhibition)

⁵⁸

Payena Dasyphylla Bark

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties

Methanolic extract (IC₅₀= 91.63% at 100 μg/ml)

^58,59

Ethyl acetate extract (Hyal-1 and Hyal-2 inhibition at 100 μg/ml)

Borago officinalis L.(Borage) (Boraginaceae)

Antioxidant, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, demulcent, diuretic properties, treatment against asthma, bronchitis, cramps, diarrhea, palpitations, kidney ailments

Leaves extracts (IC₅₀=71.6±5.4%)

⁶⁰

Spinacia oleracea L. (Spinach) (Chenopodiaceae)

Antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties, high nutraceutical value

Leaves extarcts (IC₅₀= 92.3±1.8%)

⁶⁰

Lactuca sativa (Compositae)

Antioxidant, anticancer agent, neutraceutical agent

Leaves (IC₅₀=110.5±0.3%)

⁶⁰

Arctium lappa L. (Lettuce) (Compositae)

Anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-tumor properties

Roots (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae)

Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, nutritive, bllod purification, fluid retention properties, cosmetic agent

Leaves (no inhibition)

⁶⁰

Lepidium sativum L. (Cress) (Gruciferae)

Analgesic, anti-spasmodic, hepatoprotective, anti-diarrhoeal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and galactagogue properties

Leaves (IC₅₀=89.4±3.0%)

⁶⁰

Eutrema wasabi Maxim. (Japanese horseradish stem ) (Gruciferae)

Anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti=platelet, anticancer, antioxidant and antidiabetic agent, high nutraceutical value

Stem (IC₅₀=91.4±1.1%)

⁶⁰

Rapharus sativus L. (Japanese radish) (Gruciferae)

Antioxidant, antimicrobial properties. Treatment against respiratory urinary, gastrointestinal systems disorders, female and male infertilit, anemia, skin disorders

Root (IC₅₀=107.2±2.1%).)

⁶⁰

Brassica oleracea L. (Gabbage)

(Gruciferae)

Antioxidants and anticancer properties

Leaves (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Brassica campestris L. (Chinese cabbage)

Leucorrhoea, menstrual disorders, gleets, body weakness, internal pain

Leaves (no Hyal inhibion)

⁶⁰

Melissa officinalis L. (Lemno balm)

(Labiatae)

Hypoglycemix, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antidepressant, hypnotic and sedative agent, Treatment against breast cancer and colon carcinoma

Food agent, uses in aromatotherapy

Leaves (IC₅₀= 1.0±0.3%),

⁶⁰

Mentha piperita L. Peppermint)

(Labiatae)

Biliary disorders, dyspepsia, enteritis, flatulence, gastritis, intestinal colic, spams of the bile duct, gallbladder and gastrointestinal tract

Leaves (IC₅₀=26.5±14.4%)

⁶⁰

Perilla ocymoides L. (Perilla) (Labiatae)

Treatment against cold, headache, cough, abdominal fullness and distention, poisoning from fish and crabs, flavor agent

Leaves (IC₅₀=80.5±4.4%),

⁶⁰

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) (Labiatae)

Antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and antitumor agent, Food agent, cosmetic agent

Leaves (IC₅₀=35.6±13.2%)

⁶⁰

Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) (Labiatae)

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antitumor agnet, Treatment against Alzheimer's disease, Flavor agent, cosmetic agent

Leaves (IC₅₀=15.5±10.6%)

⁶⁰

Satureja hortensis L. (summer savoy) (Labiatae)

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, pesticidal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, anticancer agent.

Leaves (IC₅₀=30.8±8.1%),

⁶⁰

Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet basil) (Labiatae)

Antioxidant, anti-spasmodic, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal agent. Control of blodd pressure, treatments against coughs, headaches, infections, stomach aches and constipation.

Leaves (IC₅₀=60.2±7.1%)

⁶⁰

Majorana hortensis Moench (Sweet marjoram) (Labiaatae)

Antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antimicrobial agent. Control of platelet aggregation. Treatments against cough, rheumatism, indigestion, toothache. Treatment against gastric and cardiovascular disorders,

Leaves (IC₅₀=23.5±7.2%)

⁶⁰

Thymus vulgaris L. (Thyme) (Labiatae)

Antioxidant, antimibrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal agent. Treatment against acne and other skin disorders, anxiety, laryngitis, coughs, liver disfunction, menstrual cramps, premenstrual syndrome, infections of urinary tract

Leaves (IC₅₀=35.5±12.8%).=

⁶⁰

Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae)

Antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anticancer agent.

Seeds (IC₅₀=90.0±2.1%)

⁶⁰

Pisum sativum L. (Garden pea) (Leguminosae)

Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti0inflammatory, antilipidemic and anticancer properties. Cosmetic agent

Pods (no inhibition)

⁶⁰

Vigna radiata R. Wilez. (Mung bean) Lequminosae)

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, detoxication, and hepatoprotective agent, Cosmetic agent, food agent

Sprout (IC₅₀=94.1±2.1%)

⁶⁰

Phaseolus vulgaris L.(Snap bean) (Leguminosae)

Analgesic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, litholytic agent. Inhibitor of trypsin and α-amylase.

Pod (IC₅₀=89.1±2.1%)

⁶⁰

Rheum rhaptonticum L. (Polygonaceae)

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory agent

Stalk (IC₅₀=93.5±0.7%),

⁶⁰

Fragaria Xananassa Duch.(Strawberry) (Rosaceae)

Antioxidant, cholesterol lowering, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-againg agent. Treatment against oral diseases and disorders of urinary tract. Treatment against leukemia

Root (IC₅₀=87.6±2.7%)

⁶⁰

Daucus carota L. (Carrot) (Umbelliferae)

Antioxidant, anticancer, ati-diabetic-anti-hypertensive,hepatoprotective, wound healing, antibacterial, antifungal, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, fertility properties.

Root (IC₅₀=104±1.7%),

⁶⁰

Apium graveolens L. (Celery) (Umbelliferae)

Anti-diabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant agent, reatment against cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders

Stalk (IC₅₀=108.8±3.9%)

⁶⁰

Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander) (Umbelliferae)

Antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial agent, Treatment against cognition, dementia, anxiety, flavoring agent, cosmetic agent

Leaves (no inhibition)

⁶⁰

Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) (Umbelliferae)

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hyperlipidemic, agent, treatments of gastrointestinal disorders, treatments against disorders of the reproductive system

Leaves IC₅₀=88.1±2.8%)

⁶⁰

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel) (Umbelliferae)

Antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant agent

Stalks (IC₅₀=94.1±1.5%)

⁶⁰

Petroselinum crispum Nym. (known as Parsley)

Antimicrobial, hypotensitive, diuretic, laxative and antispasmolitic agent

Leaves (IC₅₀=88.1±3.4%)

⁶⁰

Capsicum anmuum L. (Pepper) (Solanaceae),

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor properties. Treatment of rheumatism, stiff joints, bronchitis, chest colds, arthritis, heart arrhthmias, osteoarthritis

Fruit (IC₅₀=79.5±10.5%)

⁶⁰

Solanum melongena L. (Eggplant) (Solanaceae).

Antihaemorrhoidal, astringent and hypotensive properties. Reduction of blood cholesterol levels, antidote to poisonous mushrooms, wound healing agent, treatment of intestinal hemorrhages, piles and toothache.

Fruit (no inhibition)

⁶⁰

Lycopersicon esculentum mill.(Tomato) (Solanaceae)

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory. Treatment of dysentery, back pain, rheumatism, lowering cholesterol, rheumatism, proper functioning of brain

Fruit (no inhibition)

⁶⁰

Colocasia esculenta Schott (Taro) (Araceae)

Antimicrobial, antihepatotoxic, antidiabetic, anti-lipid, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimetastatic properties

Tuber extracts (no Hyal inhibiton)

⁶⁰

Cucumis Sativus L. (Cucumber) (Cucurbitaceae)

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-aging properties. Glycemic reduction, improving immunity and boosting metabolism properties

Fruit (no Hyal inhibiton)

⁶⁰

Cucurbita maxima Duch. (Pumpkin) (Cucurbitaceae)

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer agent. Control of blood glucose levels. Treatmens of urinary tract diseases.

Fruit (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Asparagus officinalis L. (Asparagus) (Liliaceae)

Antibiotic, diuretic, antispasmodic, anticancer, laxative, sedative, aperient properties. Treatment against cardiovascular diseases.

Sprout (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Allium tuberosum Rottler (Chinese chive)(Liliaceae)

Treatment against asthma, abdominal pain, diarrhea and diabetes. Aphrodisiac agent

Leaf (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Allium schoenoprasum L. (Chive) (Liliaceae)

Antioxidant properties

Leaf (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Allium sativum L. (Garlic) (Liliaceae)

Wound healing, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory antidiabetic properties. Treatment against skin, disorders, urinary diseases, kidney stone, epilepsy, cataract. asthma, arthritis, bronchitis, chronic fever e.c Spice and flavoring agent

Buld (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Allium cepa L. (Onion) (Liliaceae)

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, hypolipidemic and immunoprotective properties.

Buld (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Allium fistulosum L. (Welsh onion ) (Liliaceae)

Anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-termite, wound healing agent. Treatment against common cold, eyesight disorders, headache, heart disorders. Reduces serum lipid concentrations and fat accumulation, food agent

Leaf (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Abelmoschus esculentus Moench (Okra) (Malvaceae)

Antioxidant, antitumor properties. Treatment against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and digestive disorders

Pod (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Ginger ) (Zingiberaceae)

Antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotecyive, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal, analgesic properties

Root (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Zingiber mioga Rose (Mioga ginger) (Zingiberaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-platelet aggregation properties, treatment against rheumatism and coughing

Flower (no Hyal inhibition)

⁶⁰

Areca catechu

Skin disorders

Ethanolic extract (>57% Hyal inhibition at 250 μg/ml and >82% at 500 μg/ml. IC₅₀=330 μg/ml)

⁶¹

Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Skin disorders

Plant extract (10-78% Hyal inhibition at a range of 100-1000 μg/ml, IC₅₀=210 μg/ml)

⁶¹

Althaea officinalis (Marshmellow)

Pharygeal irritation, gastrointestinal disorders

Extracts (IC₅₀=7.7 mg/ml for Hyal-1)

scopoletin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1″→6′)-β-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀=84%)

hypolaetin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1‴→4″)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (IC₅₀=73%)

4′-O-methylhypolaetin-8-O-β-D-(2″-O-sulfo)glucopyranoside (IC₅₀=73%)

4′-O-methylhypolaetin-8-O-β-D-(2″-O-sulfo)glucopyranoside (IC₅₀=83%)

⁶²

Allium sativum L. (Garlic)

Metabolic disorders, food spice

quercetin (IC₅₀=23.0 mM),

isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) (IC₅₀=20.9 mM) reynoutrin (quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside) (IC₅₀=22.1 mM)

kaempferol (IC₅₀=36.3 mM)

astragalin (kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) (IC₅₀=26.5 mM)

isorhamnetin (IC₅₀=55.4%)

isorhemnetin 3-O-β-D-glycopyranoside (IC₅₀=50.4 mM)

⁶³

Hennae folium

Anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhetic properties, skin protective agent

(IC₅₀=no reported, Inhibition 0%) at 10 mg/ml

⁶⁴

Equiseti herba

Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties, Treatment against urinary tract infections

(IC₅₀=1.5 mg/ml, inhibition 100%)

⁶⁴

Betulae folium

Anti-inflammatory properties, treatmenst against arthritis

(IC₅₀=no reported, Inhibition 61%)

⁶⁴

Ononidis radix

Anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties

(IC₅₀=1.7 mg/ml, Inhibition 81%)

⁶⁴

Buchu folium

Anti-inflammatory, treatment against urinary tracy infections and kidney disorders

(IC₅₀=no reported, Inhibition 21%)

⁶⁴

Maydis stigma

Antioxidant, diuretic agent, reduces hyperglycemia, anti-fatigue and anti-depressant properties

(IC₅₀= no reported, Inhibition 4%)

⁶⁴

Malvae sylvestris flos

Anti-inflammatory, diuretic properties, Treatment against circulatory, central nervous system, dermatological, digestive, gynecological and metabolic disorders

(IC₅₀=1.4 mg/ml, inhibition 100%)

⁶⁴

Solidaginis herba

Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, treatments against the infections of the urinary tract

(IC₅₀=4.9 mg/ml, Inhibition 100%)

⁶⁴

Chebulae fructus

Anti-inflammatory, treatments against diarrhea, bleeding, chronic bronchitis, chronic laryngitis, ulcers, bacillary dysentery and tonsillitis

(IC₅₀=no reported, Inhibition 0%)

⁶⁴

Coptis rhizome

Anti-inflammatory properties, treatments against typhoid, bacillary dysentery, tuberculosis, pertussis, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis

(IC₅₀=no reported, Inhibition 0%)

⁶⁴

Cranberry

Anticancer, diuretic, antipyretic, antiseptic, antidiabetic properties, treatment against chronic fatigue syndrome, pleurisy and scurv

(IC₅₀=no inhibition, Inhibition: 10%),

⁶⁴

Althaeae radix

Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, astringent, cooling, febrifuge, expectorant, emmenagogue, demulcent agent, Tretment against skin, kidney and uterus disorders

(IC₅₀=no inhibition, Inhibition: 60%),

⁶⁴

Hydrastis rhizoma

Anti-inflammatory agent, Treatment against circulatory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, dermatological, digestive, gynecological, metabolic, respiratory and urinary disorders

(IC₅₀=no inhibition, Inhibition: 7%),

⁶⁴

Mahonia radix

Anti-inflammatory, wound healing agent, treatment against tuberculosis, dysentery, periodontitis, eczema, pharyngolaryngitis

(IC₅₀=no inhibition, Inhibition: 26%).

⁶⁴

Palaquium gutta

Anti-inflammatory agents, treatment against mouth disorders

Methanolic bark extract: (IC50=88.2%),

⁵⁹

Pouteria obovatta

Anti-inflammatory, treatments against skin disorders

Methanolic bark extract: (IC50=90.47%)

⁵⁹

Payena dasyphylla

Anti-inflammatory agent, Treatment against arthritis

Methanolic bark extract: (IC50=91.63%)

⁵⁹

Uncaria villosa

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties

Methanolic bark extract: (IC50=55.20%)

⁵⁹

Palaquium qutta

Anti-inflammatory agent, treatment against mouth disorders

Leaf extract: (IC50=51.35%)

⁵⁹

Pauteria oobova

Anti-inflammatory, treatment against skin disorders

Leaf extract: (IC50=55.63% )

⁵⁹

Onion

Antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent, nutraceutical agent

Quercetin (IC₅₀=27% at 750 μΜ)

quercetin 3,4 diglucoside ((IC₅₀=38% at 750 μΜ)

⁶³

Lythrum salicaria L.

(Lythraceae)

Anti-inflammatory agent, treatment against dysentery, eczema, haemorhoidal disease, chronic intestinal catarrh, periodontosis, gingivitis and varicose veins

(IC₅₀=64.9±6.3% at 10 μg/ml)

Flower extract (IC₅₀=94.4±0.6% at 20 μg/ml)

Isolated elagitannins:

Salicarinin A (IC₅₀=1.06±0.1 μΜ)

Salicarinin (IC₅₀=1.6±0.2 μΜ)

Salicarinin C (IC₅₀=2.5±0.2 μΜ)

Vescalagin (IC₅₀=3.1±0.2 μΜ)

Castalagin (IC₅₀=3.1±0.2 μΜ)

¹⁵

Geum urbanum L.

(Rosaceae)

Treatment against periodontitis stomach disorders, anti-bleeding, anti-inflammatory properties for gums and mucous membranes

(IC₅₀=25.6±5.1% at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Rubus idaeus L.

(Rosaceae)

Antioxidant, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor properties, treatment against uterous disorders

(IC₅₀=21.2±2.0% at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Rubus fruticosus L.

(Rosaceae)

Antibacterial, antinociceptive, antiproliferative, analgesic properties

(IC₅₀=12.5±6.8% at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Potentilla erecta L Raeusch (Rosaceae)

Antidiarrheal, anti-ulcerogenic, hemostatic, antihemorrhoidal, wound- healing, skin photoprotecting, free radican scavenging agents

(IC₅₀=5.8±4.1% at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Filipendula ulmaria (L) (Rosaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-rheumatic and astringent properties

(no inhibition at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Maxim Potentilla anserine L. (Rosaceae)

Wound healing, homeostatic agent, Treatment against tooth ache, dysentery, ulcers of the mouth, inflammations of the throat

(no inhibition at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae)

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, astringent and diuretic properties

(no inhibition at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Geranium pratense L. (Geraniaceae)

Analgesic, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory agent, Treatment against inflammation of the lungs, influenza, pain and swellings of the limbs

(IC₅₀=16.1±3.6 at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Geranium robertianum L. (Geraniaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, antiallergic, diuretic and haemostatic properties

(IC₅₀=7.2±3.8% at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae)

Anti-inflammatory agent, treatment against venous bites, bronchitis, dysentery and hemorrhoids

(no inhibition at 10 μg/ml)

¹⁵

Eleutherococcus spp. Inflorescences

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent

E. gracilistylus (16.4±0.05% Hyal inhibition), E. giraldii (60.7±0.01%, Hyal inhibition), E. senticosus (57.5±0.05% Hyal inhibition).

⁶⁵

Humulus Lupulus L. (Hop Flowers)

Inhibition of bone resorption. Nitric oxide production. Anticancer agent. Estrogenic activity, aromatic agent in beer

quercetin (IC₅₀= 54.63± 3,16% at 200 μΜ), rutin (IC₅₀=61.87±5.48% at 200 μΜ), kaempferol (IC50=50.75±3.78% at 200 μΜ) and isorhamnetin (IC₅₀=50.75±3.78% at 200 μΜ), β-sitosterol (no inhibition) daucosterol (no inhibition)

⁶⁶

Ononis spinosa L. (Restharrow roots) (Fabaceae)

Inflammations of the urinary tract

Dickloromethane extract (IC₅₀=0.19 mg/ml)

Isolated subractions: (86%& and 92% at 1 mg/ml)

Sativanone (IC₅₀=150.70 μΜ at 250 μΜ)

⁶⁷

Pothos scandens L. (Araceae)

Skin disorders, asthma, cancer

Pothobanoside A (46.7% Hyal inhibition at 200 μΜ)

^58,68

Phyllanthus muellerianus Exell (Kuntze) (Euphorbiaceae)

Healing agent against wounds and other infections

Aqueous extracts of the stem bark show antimicrobial character against Streptococcus and Clostridium species

Hydroalcoholic extract (1:1 v/v) (IC₅₀= 80 μg/ml of Hyal-1)

Hydroalcoholic extracts fractions: (57.1% and 66.5% inhibition of Hyal-1) Three hydroalcoholic subractions (94%, 100% and 84% Hyal-1 inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/ml)

Isolated constituents:

Chebulanin (IC₅₀=132 μΜ)

Mucic acid (43.8% Hyal-1 inhibition at 250 μΜ) Furosine isomers (21.3% Hyal-1 inhibition at 250 μΜ)

Quercetin rutinoside ( 21.3% Hyal-1 inhibition at 250 μΜ)

kaempferol (8.9% Hyal-1 inhibition at 250 μΜ)

^69,70

Keiskea japonica

Lamiaceae)

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatoyry, antidiuretic properties

80% Acetone extract (IC₅₀=608 μg/ml)

Isolated constituents:

shimobashiric acid C (88.7% Hyal inhibition at 596 μΜ)

rosmarinic acid (86.5% Hyal inihibition 309 μΜ) acacenin7-O-β-D-glucuropyranoside (86.5% Hyal inhibition at 267 μΜ)

⁷¹

Clethra barbinervis (Lamiaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-aging properties

Aqueous extract (88.6% Hyal inhibition at 2.0 mg/ml)

Isolated constituents: epicatechin (IC₅₀= 0.94 mM)

triterpene saponins:

ryobusaponin B (IC₅₀=1.25 mM), ryobusaponin C (IC₅₀=0.68 mM)

hemsganoside B (IC₅₀ =0.82 mM)

⁷²

Barathranthus nodiflorus

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, free radical scavengers

Ethanolic bark extracts (IC₅₀=42.31±2.00 %)

⁷³

Diospyros ebenum

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, free radical scavengers

Ethanolic bark extracts (IC₅₀= 41.60±1.18 %)

⁷³

Acronychia pedunculata

Antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, free radical scavengers

Ethanolic bark extract (IC₅₀= 36.60±1.02 %)

⁷³

Flacourtia indica

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic properties, Treatment against rheumatism

Ethanolic plant extract (IC₅₀=36.67±2.23 %).

⁷³

Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum

Wounds, bronchitis, snakebites

Ursolic acid (IC₅₀=103.18±1.70 μΜ), 3β, 19, 23-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (286.95±10.28 μΜ) and 3β-acetylolean-12-en-28-oic acid (1466.5±2.37 μΜ).

⁷⁴

Scilla scilloides Druce (Liliacease)

Medicinal agent for blood circulatory activation, dermal disorders, antidote, antimicrobial, anticancer

Ethyl acetate bulb extract (IC₅₀= 169 μg/ml)

Homoisoflavones:

Scillavone B (IC₅₀=748 μΜ)

3-(3, 4-Dihydroxybenzylidene)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy—chroman-4-one (IC50 =887 μΜ)

⁷⁵

Cimicifuga Rhizoma (mixture of the Rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica and C. heracleifolia)

Antipyretic, analgesic, would healing agent

Cimicifugic acids 50% Hyal inhibition at <200 μΜ

^76,77

Gaultheria procumbens L. (Estern teaberry, checkerberry) (Ericaceae)

Northern traditional treatment

Chloroform extract (IC₅₀=282.15±10.38 μg/ml) which was 1.3 time)

Terpenoid constituents oleanolic acid (10.11% and ursolic acid (28.82% )

^55-57

Clitoria Ternatea L. (Butterfly pea) (Fabaceae)

Nervous system disorders (stress, anxiety, depression etc)

Methanolic (IC₅₀ =18.08 ± 0.46 μg/ml)

Ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ =28.01 ± 0.48 μg/ml)

n-butanolic (IC₅₀ =38.84 ± 0.41 μg/ml)

^10,78,79

Takuran (Lamiaceae)

Menstrual disorder, menstrual cramps, cardiovascular diseases, anti-allergic agent

Clinopodic acid C (IC₅₀=80.1 μΜ), Lycopic acid A (IC₅₀=134 μΜ), Clinopodic acid E (IC₅₀=82.8 μΜ) and Lycopic acid B (IC₅₀=141 μΜ). Rosmarinic acid (IC₅₀=309 μΜ) Scizotenuin A (IC₅₀=241 μΜ).

⁸⁰

Meehania urticifolia (Makino ) (Lamiaceae)

Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties

Two isomers of rosmarinic acid (IC₅₀=275 μΜ and 183 μΜ)

Rosmarinic acid (IC₅₀=164 μΜ)

⁸¹

Carissa carandas (Apocynaceae)

Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic agent etc.

Steroid fraction of the plant's extract (IC₅₀ = 5.19 mM)

⁸²

Triphala guggulu (Combination of three fruits: Phyllanthus emblica (amalaki or TI), Termilaia chebula (haritki or T2) and Terminalia belerica (bibhitaki or T3)

Wound healings, ear-nose-throat system disorders

Hydroalcoholic extracts: (84.60±8.71%) of Hyal at a concentration of 4 mg/ml)

Aqueous extract: (85% Hyal inhibition at 0.10 mg/ml)

Separate constituents:

P. emblica (T1) (100% Hyal inhibition at 0.30 mg/ml)

T. chebula (T2) (100% Hyal inhibition at 15 mg/ml)

T. belleirca (T3) (no efficient Hyal inhibition)

(T1): (T2): (T3) 1:1:1 (100% Hyal inhibition at 0.30 mg/ml)

⁸³

Eleutherococcus Maxim. Genus

Medicinal agents, dietary agents

Species: E. gracilistylus (IC₅₀= 16.4±0.05%),

E. giraldii (IC₅₀= 60.7±0.01%)

E. senticocus (IC₅₀=57.5±0.05%)

⁶⁵

Eisenia bicyclis (Brown alga)

Antioxidant agent, food agent

8,8΄- bieckol (IC₅₀=40 μΜ)

Dieckol (IC₅₀= 120 μΜ)

Phlorofucofuroeckol A (IC₅₀= 140 μΜ)

Acetylated derivatives of 8,8΄-bieckol (IC₅₀= 15.1% )

^84,85

Clinopodium gracile (Lamiaceae)

Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antihyperglycemic properties, anti-hyaluronidase agent

Clinopodic acid J (IC₅₀=206 μΜ), Clinopodic acid K (ΙC₅₀=63 μΜ), Clinopodic acid L (IC₅₀=26 μΜ), Clinopodic acid M (IC₅₀=19 μΜ), Clinopodic acid N (IC₅₀=161 μΜ), Clinopodic acid O (IC₅₀=66 μΜ), Clinopodic acid P (IC₅₀=25 μΜ), Clinopodic acid Q (IC₅₀=165 μΜ), Rosmarinic acid⁸⁶ (IC₅₀=226 μΜ), Clinopodic acid I⁸⁶ (IC₅₀=112 μΜ), Clinopodic acid E⁸⁶ (IC₅₀=40 μΜ), 8-epiblechnic acid⁸⁷ (IC₅₀=653 μΜ)

Lithospermic acid (IC₅₀=36μΜ),

Salvianolic acid B (IC₅₀=107 μΜ), Salvianolic acid A (IC₅₀=206 μΜ), Cosmosiin (IC₅₀>1000 μΜ)

apigenin-7-O-(6-O-malonyl)glucoside1 (IC₅₀=360 μΜ)

apigenin-7-O-rutinoside⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸⁸ (IC₅₀>1000)

apiin (IC₅₀=533 μΜ)

luteolin-7-O-glucoside (IC₅₀=695 μΜ)

luteolin-7-O-(6-O-malinyl)glucoside (IC₅₀=324 μΜ)

naringenin-7-O-rutinoside (IC₅₀>1000 μΜ)

⁸⁹

Canavalia gladiate DC (Red sword beans of no fermentation)

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties

IC₅₀=35.64±0.44% Hyal inhibition at a concentration of 5 mg/ml

IC₅₀=45.73±0.78% Hyal inhibition at a concentration of 10 mg/ml

IC₅₀=76.08±0.12% Hyal inhibition at a concentration of 25 mg/ml

⁵⁸

Canavalia gladiate DC (Red fermented sword beans)

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties

IC₅₀=39.28±0.59% Hyal inhibition at a concentration of 5 mg/ml

IC₅₀=46.64±1.18% Hyal inhibition at a concentration of 10 mg/ml

IC₅₀=77.37±0.19% Hyal inhibition at a concentration of 25 mg/ml

⁵⁸

Inhibitor

Chemical Family

Source

IC₅₀

Ref.

Glycyrrhizin

Triterpenes

IC₅₀=0.440 mM, Hyal B (Streptococcus agalactiae) inhition

IC₅₀=0.455 mM rHyal B (recombinant Hyal from S. agalactiae) inhibition

⁸⁴

Glycyrhetinic acid

Triterpenes

IC₅₀=0.060 mM Hyal B (Streptococcus agalactiae) inhibition

IC₅₀=0.080 mM rHyal B (recombinant Hyal from S. agalactiae) inhibition

⁸⁴

Gypsophila saponin 2

Trieterpenoid Saponin glucosides

IC₅₀=108 μΜ Human Hyal-1

⁶⁴

SA1657

Trieterpenoid Saponin glucosides

IC₅₀= 371 μΜ Human Hyal-1

⁶⁴

SA1641

Trieterpenoid Saponin glucosides

IC₅₀=177 μΜ Human Hya;-1

⁶⁴

Glycyrrhizinic acid

Triterpenes

IC₅₀=177 μΜ Human Hual-1 inhibition

⁶⁴

β-caryophyllene

Essential oils

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. Essential oils extract

IC₅₀= 4.17 μg/ml

⁹⁰

1.8-cineol

Essential oils

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn Essential oils extract

1.17 mg/ml

⁹⁰

Naringenin

Flavonoids

IC₅₀=9.58±0.25% at 200 μΜ

⁹¹

7-O-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl naringenin

Flavonoid derivatives

IC₅₀=30.68±0.21% at 200 μΜ

⁹¹

7-O-butyl naringenin

Flavonoid derivatives

IC₅₀=44.84±0.28% at 200 μΜ

⁹¹

7-O-(a-methoxycarbonyl)benzyl naringenin

Flavonoid derivatives

IC₅₀=5.80±0.13%% at 200 μΜ

⁹¹

7-O-(BnO-L-Leu-carbonylmethyl) naringenin

Flavonoid derivatives

IC₅₀=18.72±0.43% at 200 μΜ

⁹¹

liquiritigenin

Flavanone

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Weak Hyal inhibition (IC₅₀= 740 μΜ)

⁹²

IC₅₀=680±43 μmol/L

isoliquiritegin

Flavanone

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Potent Hyal inhibition (IC₅₀= 64 μΜ)

⁹³

Baicalein

Flavone

Scutellaria baicalensis

Low Hyal inhibition (IC₅₀=165 μΜ)

⁹⁴

paeniflorin

Phenolic derivative

Paeonia albiflora

Potent Hyal inhibition

⁹⁴

Plant

Medicinal use

Inhibition towards Tyr

Ref.

Morus australis

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer properties, treatment against postprandial hypoglycemic disorders, anti-tyrosinase agent, cosmetics and skin-whitening agent, food agent, production of wine and vinegar

Isolated chalcones:

(E )-1,3-bis(2,4-dixydroxyphenyl)1-prop-2-en-1-one (1) (IC₅₀=0.21 μΜ)

(E )- 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-3-(30methylbut-2-en-1-yl)phenyl)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (2) (IC₅₀=0.82 μΜ)

(1΄R, 2΄R, 3΄΄R)-2΄-(2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzyl)-3΄΄- (E )-(2,4-dixydroxyphenyl)-1-hydroxyallyl-5΄-methyl-1΄,2΄,3΄',6΄-tetrahydro-[1,1΄,3΄',1΄΄-terphenyl]-2,2΄΄,4,6΄΄-tetraol (3) (IC₅₀=4.62 μΜ) (E)-1-(2,4-dihydroxy-3-((Z)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-prop-2-en-1-one (4) (IC₅₀=0.17 μΜ)

^95,96

Gastrodia elata

Treatment against neurodegenerative disorders, paralysis, stroke, dementia, vertigo and epilepsy

Bis-(4-hydroxybemzyl) sulfide (IC₅₀=0.53 μΜ, competitive inhibition)

⁹⁵

Cassia fistula

(Fabacee) (Golden shower)

Antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, Treatment against skin disorders

Flower extract: (IC₅₀=50-200 μg/ml)

^97-100

Pyracantha fortunea

Digestive properties, cosmetic and skin-whitening agent

A (3,3΄-dihydroxy-5΄-methoxy-(1,1΄-biphenyl)-4-O-β-D-glucoside

B (4΄-hydroxy-2,3΄,5΄-trimethoxy-(1,1΄-biphenyl)-2΄-O-β-D-glucoside

C (4΄-hydroxy-3,5΄-dimethoxy-(1,1΄-biphenyl)-2-O-β-D-glucoside

D (2,4΄-dihydroxy-3-5΄-dimethoxy-(1,1΄-biphenyl)-3-O-β-D-glucoside (IC₅₀=0.07 mM)

E 3,4΄-dihydroxy-3΄,5΄-dimethoxy-(1,1΄-biphenyl)-4-O-β-D-glucoside

¹⁰¹

Crataegus pinnatifida (Hawthorn) (Rosaceae)

Medicinal agent, skin treatment, cosmetic agent, food agent

A: 8-O-4΄-neolignan-9΄-glucopyranoside (37.58% Tyr inhibition at 500 μg/ml)

B: (7R,8S)-erythro-3,7,3΄-trimethoxy-8-O-4΄-neolignan-9΄-O-β-D glucopyranoside (known as pinnatifidaninside B) (34.54% Tyr inhibition at 500 μg/ml)

C: pinnatifidaninside C (31.5% Tyr inhibition at 500 μg/ml)

D: pinnatifidaninside D (32.97% Tyr inhibition at 32.97%)

E: 7R,8S-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-β-D-glucoside (46.00% Tyr inhibition at 500 μg/ml)

F:7R,8S-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9΄-O-β-D-glucoside (58.15% Tyr inhibition at 500 μg/ml)

¹⁰³

Humulus Lupulus

Sleep disorders, restlessness, excitability promotion, digestive agent, treatments against spasma, cough, fever, inflammation, earache, toothache, food agent

n-Hexane extract (no Tyr inhibition)

Acetone extract (no Tyr inhibition)

Methanol-1 extract (no Tyr inhibition)

Methanol-2 extract (no Tyr inhibition)

Methanol-3 extract (no Tyr inhibition)

25% aqueous ethanol extract (no Tyr inhibition)

¹⁰⁴

Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr. (Moraceae)

Free radical scavenging and antityrosinase propeties

artoxanthol (IC₅₀=5.7±0.3 μΜ, mixed type competitive inhibition)

alboctalol (IC₅₀=6.4±0.3 μΜ, mixed type competitive inhibition) steppogenin¹⁰⁵ (IC₅₀=1.9±0.1 μΜ) (competitive inhibition)

norartocarpetin (IC₅₀=0.9±0.1 μΜ, competitive inhibition)

resveratrol (IC₅₀=4.9±0.3 μΜ) oxyresveratrol (IC₅₀=1.0±0.5 μΜ) (non-competitive inhibition) chlorophorin (IC₅₀=2.5±0.4 μΜ)

artoxanthocarpuone A (ΙC₅₀=59.3±3.7 μΜ, mixed type competitive inhibition)

hydroxylakoochin A (IC₅₀=97.5±1.5 μΜ)

artoxanthochromate (IC₅₀=85.8±0.1 μΜ)

morusin (IC₅₀=75.0±4.1 μΜ)

albanin A (IC₅₀=58.2±5.1 μΜ)

cudraflavone C (IC₅₀=40.8±1.9 μΜ)

^106,107

Malus doumeri (Formosan Apple) (Rosaceae)

Antioxidant agent, HNE inhibitior, Matrix Metalloproteinase inhibitor, Tyrosinase inhibitor

phloretin (IC₅₀=28.99±3.57% Human tyrosinase inhibition),

phloridzin (IC₅₀=11.32±2.34% Human tyrosinase inhibition,

3-hydroxyphloridzin (IC₅₀=22.53±2.33% Human tyrosinase inhibition),

Quercetin (IC₅₀=35.84±2.94% Human tyrosinase inhibition),

chrysin (IC₅₀=22.96±5.63% Human tyrosinase inhibition),

chrysin-5-glucoside (IC₅₀=16.64±2.84% Human tyrosinase inhibition),

3-hydroxyphloretin (IC₅₀=80.50±1.40% Human tyrosinase inhibition, cellular Tyrosinase inhibition: IC₅₀=32 μΜ),

protocatechuic acid (IC₅₀=33,45±1.59% Human tyrosinase inhibition),

catechol (IC₅₀=78.13±0.47 % Human tyrosinase inhibition, cellular tyrosinase inhibition: 22 μΜ),

rutin

(IC₅₀=16.94±2.31% Human tyrosinase axctivity), pynosylvin (IC₅₀=31.85±1.92% Human tyrosinase inhibition)

^108,109

Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, flavoring and food agent

Plant extracts: (medium inhibition of mushrooum Tyr at 200 μΜ)

¹¹⁰

Xanthium strumarium L.(Xanthii fructus) (Asteraceae)

Leucoderma, fever, headache

Ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀=0.26 mg/ml)

Protocatechuic acid (IC₅₀=2.53±0.06 mM, competitive inhibition), chlorogenic acid (IC₅₀=1.05±0.06 mM, mxed-type inhibition), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (IC₅₀=1.07±0.08 mM, competitive inhibition), 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (IC₅₀=1.19±0.03 mM, competitive inhibition), 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (IC₅₀=1.67±0.08 mM, mixed-type inhibition), 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (IC₅₀=1.16±0.06 mM, mixed type inhibition)

¹¹¹

Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antidermatophytic properties

Taxiquinone (52.32% Tyr inhibition at 1000 μg/ml)

¹¹²

Koompassia malaccensis

Anticiabetic, antioxidant, antimalarial, antidysentery and antifever properties

Taxifolin, flavanol rhamnosides (5.86-25.9% myshroom Tyr inhibition)

¹¹³

Aloe

Anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer anti-diabetic, anti-allergy properties, cosmetics agent, health drinks and beverages agent

^114-117

Chloranthus tianmushanensis

Anti-tyrosinase agent

Terpenoids extracted from leaves (potent Tyr inhibition in a dose dependent manner)

¹¹⁸

Heterothea inuloides (Arnica)

Skin disorders

Plant extracts (IC₅₀= 190 μg/ml)

Quercetin (IC₅₀= 22 μg/ml)

Kaempferol (IC₅₀= 67 μg/ml)

¹¹⁹

Buddleia coriacea (Logariaceae)

Antimelanogenic properties

Buddlenoid A (IC₅₀= 0.39 mM)

Buddlenoid B (IC₅₀= 0.44 mM)

¹²⁰

Dillenia indica (Elephant apple) (Dilleniaceae)

Antitumour agent, flavoring agent

Betulinic acid (Monophenolase inhibitory activity at 80 μΜ, diphenolase inhibitory activity at 40 μΜ, non-competitive inhibitor)

¹²¹

Calceolaria talcana (Calceolariaceae)

Diureticm antimicrobial agent

Ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀=97.7 μgml)

Isolated constituents:

verbascoside (IC₅₀=108.4 μΜ, competitive inhibitor)

martynoside (ΙC₅₀=177.7 μΜ, competitive inhibitor)

naphthaquinone (ΙC₅₀= 91.2 μΜ, competitive inhibitor)

quercetin (IC₅₀=50 μΜ, competitive inhibitor)

benzoic acid (ΙC₅₀=640 μΜ, mixed type inhibitor)

tannic acid (IC₅₀=22 μΜ, competitive inhibitor)

¹²²

Berberis Aristata (Berberidaceae)

Hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoeal, cardiotonic, antidiabetic, antimicrobia, anticancer, anti-inflammatory agent

Methanolic extract (97% monophenolase inhibition at 110 μg/ml, competitive inhibition) (50% diphenolase inhibition at 412, 01 μg/ml, mixed type inhibition)

Aqueous extract (78% monphenolase inhibition at 110 μg/ml, competitive inhibition)50% diphenolase inhibition at 431.11 μg/ml, mixed tipe inhibition)

¹²³

Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae)

Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent

Supeercritical carbon dioxide fruit extract (<10.0% mushroom Tyr inhibition at 20 μg/ml, <10.0% inhibition at 50 μg/ml, 14.8±1.23% inhibition at 100 μg/ml, 22.6±1.61% inhibition at 250 μg/ml)

^124-126

Cudrania cochinchinensis

Rheumatism, hepatitis, gonorrhea, bruising, constuted wounds

95% Ethanolic extract (IC₅₀=36.3 μg/ml)

Root extract (IC₅₀=56.2 μg/ml)

Twig extract (IC₅₀>400 μg/ml)

Leaf extract (IC₅₀>400 μg/ml)

Isolated compounds:

oxyresveratrol (IC₅₀=2.33±0.24 μΜ), 2, 3-trans-dihydromorin (IC50=21.09±0.70 μΜ)

2, 3-cis-dihydromorin (IC₅₀=31.14±0.49 μΜ).

quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (IC₅₀=143.037±2.16 μΜ),

kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀>100 μΜ)

morin-7-O-β-D-glucoside

(IC₅₀= 196.33±4.47 μΜ)

quercetin-7-O-b-D-glucoside (IC50= 143.0 mM) and quercetin- 3, 7-di-O-b-D-glucoside (IC₅₀ > 1000 mM)

kaempferol-7-O-b-glucopyranoside (low inhibition)

kaempferol-3,7-di-O-b-glucopyranoside (low inhibition),

dihydrokaempferol-7-O-b-D-qlucopyranoside (low inhibition)

aromadendrin (low inhibition)

^127,128

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiaging and antimelanogenic agent, food agent

Artocarpfuranol (IC₅₀ <50 μΜ), dihydromorin (IC₅₀ <50 μΜ), steppogenin (IC₅₀ <50 μΜ), norartocarpetin (IC₅₀ <50 μΜ), artocarpanone (IC₅₀ <50 μΜ), artocarpesin (IC₅₀ <50 μΜ), and isoartocarpesin (IC₅₀ <50 μΜ)

^105,129-131

Campylotropis hirtella (Legumisae)

Amenorrhea, metrorhagia, metrostaxis, gastric ulcers, benign prostate hyperplasia, food ingredient

Methanolic root barks extract (IC₅₀=60% at 20 μg/ml)

3΄-geranyl-5,7,2΄,4΄-tetrahydroxyisoflavanone (subs: L-tyrosine: IC₅₀=2.9±0.3 μΜ, subs: L-DOPA: IC₅₀=128.2±0.5 μΜ, competitive inhibition, with both substrates),

3΄-geranyl-5,7,3΄,5΄-tetrahy-droxyisoflavone (subs: L-tyrosine: IC₅₀=92.0±0.2 μΜ, subs: L-DOPA: IC₅₀>200 μΜ, competitive inhibition with L-DOPA as substrate),

Neuroflavane (subs: L-tyrosine: IC₅₀=0.03±0.006 μΜ, subs: L-DOPA: IC₅₀=0.5±0.03 μΜ, competitive inhibition with both substrates),

(E)-3-(3-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chroman-4-one (subs: L-tyrosine: IC₅₀=18.4±0.8 μΜ, subs: L-DOPA: IC₅₀=144.0±1.2 μΜ, competitive inhibition with both substrates)

^{17,18,132,133}

Flemingia philippinensis

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, antiestrogenic, immunosuppressive properties, food agent

Root methanolic extract (80% Tyr inhibition at 30 μg/ml)

fleminchalcone A (subs. L-tyrosine: IC₅₀= 1.01 μΜ, subs. L-DOPA: IC₅₀=19.5 μΜ, monophenolase and diphenolase inhibitory activity, competitive inhibition)

fleminchalcone B (subs. L-tyrosine: IC₅₀=18.4 μΜ, subs. L-DOPA: IC₅₀=32.6 μΜ, monophenolase and diphenolase inhibitory activity competitive inhibition)

fleminchalcone C (subs. L-tyrosine: IC₅₀= 1.28μΜ, (subs. L-DOPA: IC₅₀= 5.22 μΜ, monophenolase and diphenolase inhibitory activity, competitive inhibition)

flemichin D (subs. L-tyrosine: IC₅₀= 1.79 μΜ, subs. L-DOPA: IC₅₀=7.48 μΜ, monophenolase and diphenolase inhibitory activity, competitive inhibition )

lupinifoin, (subs. L-tyrosine: IC₅₀= 11.2 μΜ, subs. L-DOPA: IC₅₀=84.10 μΜ, monophenolase and diphenolase inhibitory activity, competitive inhibition)

khonklonginol H (subs. L-tyrosine: IC₅₀= 4.96 μΜ, subs. L-DOPA: IC₅₀=20.4 μΜ, monophenolase and diphenolase inhibitory activity, competitive inhibition )

^{35,96,134,135}

Herniaria glabra L.

Hypotension, antispasmodic and diuretic properties, treatments against urinary tract infections, cystitis, irritable bladder, skin disorders

Pure crude extract (7.39±0.59% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

Saponin fraction (8.50±1.40% Tyr activity at 1 mg/ml)

bidesmoside herniaria saponin 8 (4.21±0.79% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

bidesmoide herniaria saponin 10 (8.44±1.69% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

bidesmoside herniaria saponin 11 (8.25±1.17% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

bidesmoside herniaria saponin 12 (7.73±1.04% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

bidesmoside herniaria saponin 13 (IC₅₀= 9.82±1.35% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

monidesmoside herniaria saponin 16 (IC₅₀= 7.30±1.22% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

monodesmoside herniaria saponin 17 (IC₅₀= 3.64±0.72% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

bidesmoside herniaria saponin 1 (IC₅₀= 8.77±1.27% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

monodesmoside herniaria saponin 4 (IC₅₀= 3.39±1.69% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

bidesmoside herniaria saponin 5 (IC₅₀= 9.75±1.53% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

monodemoside hrniaria saponin 6 (IC₅₀= 2.18±0.97% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

monodesmoside herniaria saponin 7 (IC₅₀= 8.40±0.50% Tyr inhibition at 1 mg/ml)

⁸

Rhizophora mucrinata L. (Rhizophoraceae)

Main source of carbon, vitamins, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, energy for humans and living organisms, climate change regulator

Methanolic twig extract (IC₅₀= 145.31±1.39 mg KAE (kojic acid equivalent/g)

Methanolic leaf extract (IC₅₀=±144.02 mg KAE (kojic acid equivalent/g)

^32,136

Eucalyptus globulus Labill (Timber tree)

Flu, rheumatism, dysentery, eczema

Ethanolic extract isolated compounds:

isoiphionane sesquiterpene:

3β,11-dihydroxyisoiphion-4-one (IC₅₀= 14.17 μΜ)

5-formyl-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-methylbenzofuran-6-Ο-β-D- glucopyranoside (known as eucalglobuide A) (IC₅₀= 57.08± 2.52 μΜ)

5-formyl-6-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-mthylbenzofuran (IC₅₀= 91.76± 3.41 μΜ)

4-Ο-β-D- glucopyranoside (eucalglobuside B) chromene glucoside (IC₅₀=49.16 ±0.12 μΜ)

5β, 11-dihydroxy-iphionan-4-one (IC₅₀= 10.08 μΜ)

Proximadiol (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ)

(-)-α- eudesmol (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ)

(-)-globulol (IC₅₀=9.79 μΜ)

4β, 10 α-aromadendranediol (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ) vomifoliol (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ)

Isololiolide (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ)

Eucalyptin (IC₅₀= 33.43±0.14 μΜ)

(+)-rhododendrol (IC₅₀=42.63±0.43 μΜ)

4-(4΄-hydroxy-3΄-methoxyphenyl)-2R-butanol (IC₅₀= 21.65 μΜ)

ursolic acid lactone (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ)

3β-acetoxyurs-11-en-28 13 olide, pinoresinol (IC₅₀= 74.57 ±0.26 μΜ).

2,5-dimethylhydroquinone (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ)

¹³⁷

Mangifera indica L. (Mango) (Anacardiaceae)

Diabetes, respiratory disorders, antimicrobial, anti-osteoporosis, andi-cardiovascular agent, the aqueous leaves extracts are consumed as tea

Ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀= 17.62±1.26 μg/ml)

n-butanol extract (IC₅₀= 117.84±9.62 μg/ml)

Aqueous extract (IC₅₀=557.92±27.18 μg/ml)

Major inhibitors: gallic acid, mangiferin, protocatecuic acid, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin-3-O-xyloside, derivatives pf benzophenone, epicatechin gallate, 1,2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloy glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside

Minor inhibitors: Isomangniferin, 6΄-O-(p-hydroxybenzoyl) mangiferin, glycosidic derivatives of irriflophenone such as iriflophenone 3-C-(2΄,3΄,6΄-tri-O-galloyl)-glucoside, glucosidic derivatives of maclurin [3-C-(2΄-O-galloyl)-glucoside and maclurin 3-C-(2΄,3΄-di-O-galloyl)-glucoside]

¹³⁸

Camellia Pollen

Antitoxic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimutagrnic agent, food supplement

Caffeine (IC₅₀=18.5±2.31 μg/ml, reversible, noncompetitive inhibition, Ki=80 μΜ)

Baicalein (IC₅₀= 21.7 μg/ml)

Brazilein (IC₅₀= 6.07 mg/ml)

Thobarbituric acid (IC₅₀=1.15 mg/ml)

¹³⁹

Malcolmia littorea (L).

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant agents, use for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic applications

Methanolic root extract (IC₅₀= 24.96±0.19 mg KAE/g)

ethanolic root extract (IC₅₀=25.32±0/04 mg KAE/g) aqueous root extract (IC50= 6.28±0.45 mg KAE/g)

ethanolic aerial organ extract (IC₅₀= 25.78±0.18 mg KAE/g)

methanolic extract (IC₅₀= 26.48 ±0.12 mg KAE/g)

aqueous (IC₅₀= 5.32 ±0.08 mg KAE/g)

flower ethanolic extract (IC₅₀= 26.56±0.23 mg KAE/g)

methanolic (IC₅₀= 25.85±0.21 mg KAE/g)

aqueous (IC₅₀= 4.33±0.39 mg KAE/g)

¹⁴⁰

Morinda morindoides (Baker) (Rubiaceae)

Hemorrhoids, rheumatism, gonorrhea, malaria, diarrhea, amebiasis

Aqueous seed extract (IC₅₀= 24.56±0.69 mg KAE/g)

Aqueous fruit extract (IC₅₀= 43.70±1.26 mg KAE/g)

Methanolic seeds extract (IC₅₀= 72.40±0.46 mg KAE/g)

Methanolic fruit extract (IC₅₀= 73.59±1.24 mg KAE/g)

^141-144

Cakile Maritina Scop. (Sea rocket) (Brassicaceae or mustard)

Scurvy, digestive disorders, diuretic disorders, dandruff, food agents for flavor improvement (leaves), bread making (ground roots)

Aerial organs ethanolic extract (IC₅₀=25.9±0.13 mg/ml)

Aerial organs acetone extract (IC₅₀=24.7±0.13 mg/ml)

Aerial organs aqueous extract (IC₅₀= 19.9±0.12 mg/ml)

Fruit ethanolic extract (IC₅₀= 24.9±0.25 mg/ml)

Fruit acetone extract (IC₅₀= 24.0±0.33 mg/ml)

Fruit aqueous extract (IC₅₀= 6.16±0.30 mg/ml)

^145-147

Leonurus japonicas (Yi Mu Cao) (Labiatae)

Dysmenorrhea, menoxenia, amenorrhea, ulcerations etc

10- methoxy-leonurine (IC₅₀= 91.8 ±2.9% Tyr inhibition at 100 μΜ, competitive inhibition (Ki= 1.6±0.7 μΜ)

Leonurine (IC₅₀= 85.6±1.8% Tyr inhibition at 100 μΜ, competitive inhibition, Ki=11.4±1.1 μΜ)

syringic acid (IC₅₀= 11.6±0.1% Tyr inhibition at 100 μΜ)

isouercitrin (IC₅₀= 1.8±5.9% Tyr inhibition at 100 μΜ)

leonurusoide E (IC₅₀= 8.3±0.6% Tyr inhibition at 100 μΜ)

^148,149

Grapes

Wine production

Caftaric acid (IC₅₀= 30 μΜ)

Chlorogenic acid (IC₅₀= 42 μΜ)

Caffeic acid (IC₅₀= 65 μΜ)

¹⁵⁰

Wulfenia Carinthiaca s.L. (National flower of Carinthia) (Plantaginaceae)

Ornamental plant, cosmetic agent

Aerial part methanolic extract (40% mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μg/ml)

Methanolic extract isolated compounds:

Iridoid glucosides:

plantmamajoside (IC₅₀= 0.11±3.61% mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ), globularicisin (cis-globularin, (4.20±6.06% mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ)

2΄-O-Acetylplantamajoside (IC₅₀= 33.07±1.00 % mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ),

globularin (79.59±1.62 % mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ, IC₅₀= 41.94 μΜ)

Phenylethanoid glucosides:

2΄,6΄΄-O-Diacetylplantamajoside (IC₅₀= 29.76±4.24 % mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ)

2΄-O-Acetylisoplantamajoside (IC₅₀= 13.50±3.10 % mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ)

baldaccioside (IC₅₀= 23.01±3.16 % mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ), isoscrophularoside (IC₅₀= 48.49±2.08% mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ) 2΄,6΄΄-O-diacetylisoplantamajoside (IC₅₀= 26.14±3.18% mushroom Tyr inhibition at 500 μΜ )

¹⁵¹

Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) (Redhead and Ginns) (lentinus lepideus (Fr.) (Gloeophyllaceae)

Antimicrobial properties, cosmetic agents against melanoma, food intake (for edible mushrooms)

Culture filtrate extracts (72% Tyr inhibition at 1000 μg/ml)

Isolated compounds:

1, 3-dihydroisobenzofuran-4,5,7-triol (IC₅₀= 173 μg/ml, competitive inhibition)

5-methoxy-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-4,7-diol (IC₅₀= 263 μg/ml, competitive inhibition)

¹⁵²

Asplenium trichomanes (Aspleniaceae)

Antitumour, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties

Aerial parts methanolic extract

4-ethylphenyl-6-O-96-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀≥600 μΜ)

¹⁵³

Scutellaria altissima (Lamiaceae)

Haemostatic, tonic, wound healing properties, food and beverage agent

Aerial parts methanolic extract

Globularin (IC₅₀=41.91 μΜ)

¹⁵³

Pinus uncinata subsp. Uncinata (Pinaceae)

Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, antispasmotic properties

Methanolic extract

Benzoic acid (IC₅₀≥551.53 μΜ)

Roseoside (IC₅₀≥1200 μΜ)

Dihydrovomifoliol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀≥1200 μΜ)

¹⁵³

Puearariae Lobatae Radix

Anti-diabetixc, anti-fever, anti-diarrheal aget, skin-whitening

Puerarin (IC₅₀=0.537 mg/ml, monophenolase activity, mixed-type inhibitor/ diphenolase activity: (Ka)- 1.45 mg/ml, mixed-type activation mechanism)

^154-156

Pueraria thumbergiana (Kudzu) (Leguminosae)

Anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cardiovascular, anti-liver steatosis, anti-melanogenic, antipyretic, analgesic, muscle relaxant agent

Aerial part (potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibition)

Plant extracts (potent cellular tyrosinase inhibition in B16F10 cells, after stimulation with α-MSH)

^154-157

Pueraria lobate Ohwi

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cardiovascular, antidiabetic agent etc

Purarin (45%-76% Tyr inhibition at a range of 0.5-8.0 mg/ml, IC₅₀= 1.23 mmol/L)

^154-157

Vigna angularis

Hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant agent, food agent

Seeds extracted condensed tannins: (IC₅₀=130.0≥0.5 μg/ml, monophenolase inhibition, IC₅₀=35.10±2.0 μg/ml, diphenolase inhibition, mixed-type reversible mushroom tyrosinase inhibition)

¹⁵⁸

Clausena lansium

Antidiabetic, anticancer and antioxidant properties

Plants extracted condensed tannins (IC₅₀=23.6±0.3 μg/ml, monophenolase inhibition)

^134,159

Haworth

Antimicrobial, antioxidant properties

Fruit stone extracted condensed tannins (IC₅₀=37.00 ±05 μg/ml, monophenolase inhibition)

¹⁶⁰

Avogado

Antioxidant and antifungal properties

Fruit stone extracted condensed tannins (IC₅₀=40.00±1.2 μg/ml, monophenolase inhibition)

¹⁶⁰

Cudrania tricuspidata

Treatment against digestive apparatus tumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-lipid peroxidative, α-glucosidase, antioxidative and cytotoxic properties

(2S,3S)-2,3-trans-dihydromorin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (ΙC₅₀= 93.17±1.55 μΜ)

taxifolin- 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

protocatechuic acid (IC₅₀> 500 μΜ) sphaerobioside (IC₅₀> 150 μΜ)

orobol-8-C-glucoside (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

dihydrokaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

taxifolin (IC₅₀> 300 μΜ)

trans-dihydromorin (IC₅₀=21.54±0.84 μΜ)

oxyresveratrol (IC₅₀=2.85±0.26 μΜ)

dihydrokaempferol (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ) taxifolin 7-methyl ether (IC₅₀> 300 μΜ)

steppogenin (IC₅₀=2.52±0.66 μΜ) quercetin (IC₅₀=54.58±0.89 μΜ) orobol (IC₅₀> 300 μΜ)

naringenin (IC₅₀> 500 μΜ)

genistein (IC₅₀> 300 μΜ)

santal (IC₅₀> 300 μΜ)

glycyrrhisoflavone (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ) wighteone (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ)

6,8-diprenylorobol (IC₅₀> 100 μΜ) 1,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-xanthen-9-one (IC₅₀> 300 μΜ) cudraxanthone H (IC₅₀≥ 200 μΜ) alpinumisoflavone (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

8-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)wighteone (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

dulxanthone-B (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ) cyclomorusin (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

5-methoxy-4,5-diphenyl-2(5H)-furanone (IC₅₀> 300 μΜ) cycloaltilisin-7 (IC₅₀> 200 μΜ)

^161-163

Green tea

(EGCG), (-) epigallocatechin (EGC). (-)-epicatechin (EC), (+)-catechin (C ), caffeine (CAF)

(-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate (ECG) (IC₅₀= 34.58 μΜ)

(-)-gallocatechin 3-O-gallate (GCG), (IC₅₀= 17.34 μΜ, competitive inhibition)

(-)epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) (IC₅₀=34.10 μΜ)

¹⁶⁴

Dillenia indica

Triterpenoid

¹²¹

Glycyrrhiza species (Leguminosae)-Glycyrrhiza glabra

Skin-whitening agent

Glabridin (potentt tyrosinase inhibition)

Glabrene (potent tyrosinase inhibition)

¹⁶⁵

Glycyrrhiza species (Leguminosae)-Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Skin-whitening agent

Ethyl acetate fraction from methanolic extract:

(Flavone) Licoisoflavone A (I₅₀> 100 μg/mL)

Coumarin (Glycycoumarin) (IC₅₀> 100 μg/mL)

Flavanone (3΄-(γ, γ΄- dimethylallyl)-kievitone (IC₅₀> 100 μg/mL)

Isoflavone (glycyrrhisoflavone) ic50=46.2±0.60 μg/mL, Anti-melanogenic activity on B16F10 melanoma cells (IC50= 63.7±6.8% at a concentration of 5 μg/mL)

Flavanone: Glyasperin C-3 (IC₅₀=0.13 ±0.01 μg/mL)

Flavanone: Glabridine C-5 (IC₅₀=0.25 μg/mL)

Inhibitor

Chemical Family

Source

IC₅₀

Binding Properties

Ref.

Kaempferol

Flavonoids

^119,166

Quercetin

Flavonoids

^119,167

Kuarinone

Flavonoids

¹⁶⁸

Kushnol F

Flavonoids

¹⁶⁸

Luteolin 4΄-O-glucoside

Flavonoid glucosides

¹⁴⁰

Luteolin 7-O-glucoside

Flavonoid glucosides

¹⁴⁰

Morin

Flavonoid

¹⁶⁹

Catechin

Flavonoid

¹⁷⁰

Rhamnetin

Flavonoid

30.6% murine Tyr inhibition on B16 cells at 5 μΜ, 63.3% murine Tyr inhibition on B16 cells at 20 μΜ and 75.5% murine Tyr inhibition on B16 cells at 40 μΜ.

¹⁷¹

Gallic acid

Phenolic acids

¹⁶⁴

1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-d-glucose (PGG)

Gallic acid derivative

Galla rhois

Strong inhibition

^168,170,172

(S)-N-trans-Feruloyloctopamine

Phenolic acid derivatives

Garlic skin

IC₅₀=5.3±1.8 μΜ

¹⁷³

(+) catechin

Tannins

Green tea

IC₅₀=57.12 μΜ

¹⁷⁰

(-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG)

Tannins

Green tea

IC₅₀=22.63 μΜ

¹⁷⁰

(-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)

Tannins

Green tea

IC₅₀=142.40 μΜ

¹⁷⁰

β-arbutin

(hydroquinone β-D- glucopyranoside)

Potent Tyr inhibition, used as cosmetic agent

¹⁷⁴

Deoxyarbutin

Synthetic hydroquinone derivative

Potent Tyr inhibition, used as cosmetic agent

^134,175,176

Mequinol

Hydroquinone monomethyl ether

Potent Tyr inhibition, used as cosmetic agent

¹⁷⁷

Licochalcone A

Chalcone

Glycyrrhiza species

Pontent mushroom Tyr inhibitor

^175,178

Kuraridin

Chalcone

¹⁷⁹

Kuraridinol

Chalcone

^179,180

2,4, 2΄, 4΄-tetrahydroxy-3-(3-methyl-n-butenyl) chalcone

Chalcone

Potent Tyr inhibition

^{95,134,175,178}

Resveratrol

Stilbenes

Strong Tyr inhibition (32 times higher Tyr inhibition than standard control kojic acid)

^181,182

Trans-cinnamaldehyde

Aldehyde derivatives

^168,183

(2E )-alkenals

Aldehyde derivatives

^168,183,184

2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

Aldehyde derivatives

^185,186

Anisaldehyde

Aldehyde derivatives

^186,187

Cuminaldehyde

Aldehyde derivatives

^188,189

Cumic acid

Aldehyde derivatives

¹⁸⁸

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid

Cinnamic acid derivatives

¹⁸⁷

4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid

Cinnamic acid derivatives

¹⁸⁷

Glycolic acid

Grapes, sugarcane, beets

IC₅₀=83.00±14.00 μΜ

98.5% tyrosinase inhibition at a concentration of 200 μΜ, mixed-type reversible inhibition

¹⁹⁰

¹⁹¹